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Correlation of fungal β -diversity with the components of plant β -diversity showed that the spatial replacement of fungi was promoted by plant species turnover, in particular, plant species turnover with functional exchange. Our methods based on Baselga's partitioning enabled the division of plant β -diversity into two phenomena and three functional components. By using partitioning methods for plant β -diversity, this study explored the process driving synchrony in tundra ecosystems, in which drastic vegetation shifts are observed with climate warming. However, processes underlying the synchrony of the aboveground–belowground biodiversity is still unclear. Metabarcoding technologies for soil fungal DNA pools have enabled to capture the diversity of fungal community and the agreement of their β -diversity with plant β -diversity.
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